Variable bevel
The common usage of the Chamfer settings is to apply a uniform bevel to an entire contour:
Changing chamfer along the contour
It is also possible to change the bevel angle at an intermediate point of the chamfer cut[1]. In the Advanced section of the panel, there is a Change Chamfer… button that you use for this.
Enter a Chamfer angle and click on the contour - the new angle will be used from that point for the rest of the contour:
You can keep repeating this operation. If you wanted only the top edge of this to be at a bevel angle of 0, then you can restore the 45° bevel back at the top left corner as we are setting up to do in the image above. After that operation, the result looks like this:
Additional operations
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You can type in a value into the Corner offset setting to snap to a precise distance from a corner for applying the chamfer angle change:

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Moving the mouse over a transition point change the cursor to a cross and you can click at that point to remove a chamfer transition:

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The Continous transition switch can be used to create a more gradual transition of the bevel angle (from the previous corner, or previous transition point). Here is the same example as above, but applied as a continuous transition:
